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Huang Chao
Huang Chao (; died 884) was the leader of a major agrarian rebellion that, during the last decade of his life, seriously weakened the Tang dynasty.
Well-educated, Huang first became a salt smuggler, before joining Wang Xianzhi's rebellion in the mid-870s. After splitting with Wang, his army roved much of the Tang realm for years, pillaging and committing the Guangzhou massacre. In 881, his troops captured the capital Chang'an, forcing Emperor Xizong of Tang to flee. Huang proclaimed himself the Qi emperor, but was defeated by the Tang army led by the Shatuo chieftain Li Keyong in 883 and forced to desert Chang'an. Following successive defeats, including by former subordinates Zhu Wen and Shang Rang who surrendered to Tang, Huang was killed by his nephew Lin Yan during a flight.
== Background ==
(詳細はAn Lushan Rebellion by Sogdian general An Lushan. The power of the jiedushi or provincial military governors increased greatly after imperial troops crushed the rebels. The morals of these generals also decayed as their power increased, the resentment of common people against the inability of the government grew, and their grievances exploded into several rebellions during the mid-9th century. Many impoverished farmers, tax-burdened landowners and merchants, as well as many large salt smuggling operations, formed the base of the anti-government rebellions of this period. Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao were two of the important rebel leaders during this era.〔See, e.g., in general, Bo Yang, ''Outline of Chinese History'' (中國人史綱), vol. 2.〕
It is not known when Huang was born, but it is known that he was from Yuanju (冤句, in modern Heze, Shandong). His family had been salt privateers for generations (with the salt trade officially monopolized by the state ever since the Anshi Rebellion), and the Huang family became wealthy from the smuggling. It was said that Huang was capable in swordsmanship, riding, and archery, and was somewhat capable in writing and a good debater. He used his wealth to take in desperate men to serve under him. He had at least one older brother, Huang Cun (黃存), and at least six younger brothers, Huang Ye (黃鄴) or Huang Siye (黃思鄴), Huang Kui (黃揆), Huang Qin (黃欽), Huang Bing (黃秉), Huang Wantong (黃萬通), and Huang Sihou (黃思厚).〔''New Book of Tang'', vol. 255, part 2.〕 He repeatedly submitted himself for the imperial examinations, but was not able to pass them, and thereafter resolved to rebel against Tang rule.〔''Zizhi Tongjian'', vol. 252.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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